ADAKAH KITA BOLEH HAMIL KETIKA MENGAMBIL PIL PERANCANG?
ADAKAH KITA BOLEH HAMIL KETIKA...
Cervical cancer is the transformation of abnormal cells (cancer cells) in the cervix lining. Cervix is the entrance to the uterus from the vagina.
Cervical cancer ranks as the 4th most common type of cancer for women in the world. In Malaysia, cervical cancer ranks as the 3rd most frequent cancer among women (~12.9% of all female cancers). It was estimated that 1682 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually and 944 women die from the disease (HPV Information Centre, 2018). Women aged 15 years and older are at risk of developing cervical cancer.
Image Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Almost all cervical cancer cases (99%) are due to human papillomavirus infection (HPV) infection, which is a common virus transmitted through sexual contact (including genital skin-to-skin and oral).
Risk factors for developing cervical cancer may also be due to:
You may not have any symptoms until the cancer has grown or spread. Cervical cancer can spread to tissues around the cervix (e.g. the vagina) or throughout your body. Cervical cancer can cause death if not treated.
First symptom of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which usually occurs after sexual intercourse.
Later symptoms of cervical cancer include:
Image Credit: Check4Cancer
PAP smear test is recommended for all women aged 21 and 65 years old. Doctors can check for cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia (pre-cancer growths) with a PAP test, which is done during a pelvic exam. The doctor will examine the inside of your vagina and cervix, holding it open with a speculum (a small instrument). Some cells and mucus from the cervix and area around it will be collected using a swab, which will then be examined under a microscope to detect any cellular changes on the wall of the cervix. Annual PAP smear test is recommended once a woman is sexually active. Screening is recommended every 3 years if the first 2 consecutive smear results are negative.
Types of PAP smear test |
Price |
Conventional pap smear test |
RM40 |
Liquid based cytology pap smear test |
RM80 |
HPV DNA test |
RM250 |
GynPad A self-sampling kit for HPV DNA testing |
RM350 |
The Fifth Malaysia Population and Family Survey 2014 found that less than half of women surveyed had a PAP smear test 2 years prior, as many women find it embarrassing and inconvenient. The University Malaya Medical Centre and VCS Foundation of Australia launched the Rose Foundation and Laboratory to help eliminate the social and health barriers of screening by adopting mobile technology and molecular testing. The Rose solution consists of 3 components:
The Rose programme is specifically designed for Malaysian women, and is offered at government clinics in Taman Medan, Port Klang and Kalumpang, Selangor.
Image Credit: Rose Foundation
The stages of cervical cancer are as follows:
Treatment can include:
Surgery will be done if it is still the early cancer stage (Stage I and some early Stage II) where cancer cells have not spread beyond the surface of your cervix. Examples of surgical options include hysterectomy (removal of uterus), cone biopsy (removal of inside of cervix where cancer started growing), or a trachelectomy (removal of upper vagina and cervix). If the patient wishes to preserve her fertility, the uterus will not be removed.
For late stages of cancer (advanced stage II-IV), chemotherapy is given along with radiotherapy as they provide a better treatment response. After chemotherapy and radiotherapy, surgery may also be conducted to remove the remaining cancer. There is also palliative care for those with advanced cancer or patients with multiple other medical conditions etc.
The high mortality rate from cervical cancer can be reduced through prevention, early diagnosis, screening and treatments. Cervical cancer is the easiest preventable gynecological cancer by:
Image Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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